Harun Raaj & AssociatesHarun Raaj & Associates
Operations & CFO Services

Working Capital Management

Working Capital

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Overview

Working capital advisory is the management of a business's short-term liquidity — the operating cycle of the receivables, the inventory and the payables, the cash conversion cycle, the working capital requirements computed and funded, and the processes that keep the business liquid. The working capital is the cash the business needs to run its day-to-day operations, and its management is the difference between the business that runs smoothly and the business that is perpetually short.

The working capital position is decided by the operating cycle — the days the inventory sits, the days the receivables wait, the days the payables defer — and the management is the compression of the cycle and the funding of the gap. The working capital requirements are computed from the cycle, funded through the facilities and the discounting, and monitored through the ratios and the forecasts. The business that manages the cycle finds its cash runs; the one that does not finds the cash crises.

The cost of an unmanaged working capital is the constant crunch: the purchases delayed, the payroll stretched, the growth starved, and the emergency borrowing at the worst rates — each a cost of the cycle that was never managed.

This service is for businesses whose cash is tied in their operations. We analyse the operating cycle and the cash conversion, compute the working capital requirements, structure the funding — the facilities, the discounting, the supply chain finance — set up the processes for the receivables, the inventory and the payables, and monitor the working capital so the business runs on its liquidity rather than around it.

How It Works

  1. 1

    Operating Cycle Analysis

    We analyse the receivables, the inventory and the payables cycle.

    Harun Raaj & Associates does this1 week
  2. 2

    Requirement Computation

    We compute the working capital requirements and the cash conversion.

    Harun Raaj & Associates does this1 week
  3. 3

    Funding Structure

    We structure the facilities, the discounting and the supply chain finance.

    Harun Raaj & Associates does this2-4 weeks
  4. 4

    Process Setup

    We set up the receivables, the inventory and the payables processes.

    Harun Raaj & Associates does this1-2 weeks
  5. 5

    Monitoring

    We monitor the working capital and the cash forecasts.

    Harun Raaj & Associates does thisMonthly

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the key components of working capital that I should monitor to avoid a cash crunch?
Working capital comprises current assets (trade receivables, inventory, cash and bank balances, short-term loans and advances) less current liabilities (trade payables, short-term borrowings, other current liabilities), as disclosed under Schedule III to the Companies Act 2013. The cash conversion cycle — days sales outstanding plus days inventory outstanding minus days payable outstanding — is the single most actionable metric for a trading or manufacturing business. For listed companies, SEBI's Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements Regulations 2015 (Regulation 34 read with Schedule V) require disclosure of the current ratio and debtor turnover ratio in the annual report. A deteriorating current ratio below 1.2 or a receivables cycle exceeding your credit terms by more than 15 days is an early warning requiring immediate intervention. Our practice benchmarks these ratios against your industry peer group and identifies specific line items to compress.
How does GST affect my working capital, and is there a way to reduce the lock-up?
GST creates a working capital drag because you pay output tax to suppliers and collect input tax credit (ITC) only after filing GSTR-3B, subject to matching with GSTR-2B under Rule 36(4) of the CGST Rules 2017, which restricts provisional ITC to 105% of the matched credit visible in GSTR-2B. For exporters, the lock-up is compounded until a refund is sanctioned under Section 54 of the CGST Act 2017, which has a statutory sanction timeline of 60 days from the date of application (Section 54(7)). Filing GSTR-1 on time and ensuring your suppliers file on time directly determines how quickly GSTR-2B populates and ITC flows through. We review your vendor compliance rate, identify top suppliers causing ITC mismatches, and help structure payment terms to coincide with ITC availability. For capital-intensive businesses, we model the effective interest cost of ITC blockage and compare it against the benefit of early payment discounts.
Can my company use Trade Receivables Discounting (TReDS) to unlock debtor funding, and what are the eligibility conditions?
TReDS is a RBI-regulated electronic platform (authorised under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act 2007 and governed by RBI Master Directions on TReDS dated November 3, 2014, as updated) where MSMEs can discount accepted trade receivables owed by larger corporates. Under Section 7 of the MSMED Act 2006, your enterprise must be a registered MSME — a micro, small, or medium enterprise as per the revised classification thresholds notified on June 1, 2020 (investment up to ₹50 crore and turnover up to ₹250 crore for medium enterprises). The corporate buyer must on-board the same TReDS platform and accept the invoice digitally, after which financiers bid to discount the receivable — effectively converting a 60-90 day debtor into immediate cash at a competitive rate. Ministry of Corporate Affairs notification dated July 2, 2019 mandates specified companies with turnover above ₹500 crore to on-board at least one TReDS platform, giving MSMEs leverage to demand participation. We handle the Udyam Registration prerequisite, TReDS platform selection, and documentation for your first discounting cycle.
What financing structures are available for inventory funding, and how are they treated under income tax?
Inventory funding structures include cash credit facilities against hypothecation of stock (governed by RBI's Master Circular on Loans and Advances — Statutory and Other Restrictions), bills discounting, channel financing, and supply-chain finance programmes offered by large OEMs. Interest paid on borrowings for business purposes is deductible under Section 37(1) of the Income Tax Act 1961 (and the corresponding provision under Section 30 of the Income Tax Act 2025 for Tax Year 2026-27 onwards), subject to the arm's length condition and thin capitalisation rules under Section 94B of the ITA 1961 if the lender is a non-resident associated enterprise. Inventory must be valued consistently at cost or net realisable value, whichever is lower, per AS 2 (or Ind AS 2 for companies to which Ind AS applies under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules 2015), and the valuation method — FIFO or weighted average — directly affects the taxable profit and the collateral value a bank will accept. Pledging inflated inventory to secure higher limits while understating it in the balance sheet constitutes a fraudulent practice under Section 447 of the Companies Act 2013. We map your actual inventory ageing against the drawing power formula your bank uses to identify headroom or shortfall.
How should we structure our vendor payment terms to optimise payable days without damaging relationships or losing MSME vendor discounts?
Section 15 of the MSMED Act 2006 requires buyers to pay MSME suppliers within the agreed period (maximum 45 days) or, absent a written agreement, within 15 days of acceptance of goods or services. Delayed payment beyond these limits attracts compound interest at three times the bank rate notified by RBI under Section 16 of the MSMED Act 2006, and the outstanding amount must be disclosed in the buyer's audited financial statements per Schedule III to the Companies Act 2013 (as amended October 2018). Filing under MSME Form I (half-yearly return) is mandatory for specified companies under the Companies (Furnishing of Information about Payment to Micro and Small Enterprise Suppliers) Rules 2019. Strategically, extending payable days to non-MSME large suppliers while respecting MSME timelines — and capturing early-payment discounts from suppliers who offer them — typically produces a net positive cash cycle without MSME exposure. We audit your vendor master to flag MSME registrations, model the interest-cost exposure on delayed balances, and redesign your payment calendar accordingly.

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